Sources, Citations, and Methodology

Implements TILA for credit cards. Key sections used: 1026.12(b) (fraud liability, $50 cap), 1026.13 (billing-error claims, merchant-dispute right), 1026.5 (periodic statement disclosures). Issued and maintained by the CFPB.

https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-12/chapter-X/part-1026

Implements EFTA for debit cards and ACH. Key sections used: 1005.6(b) (tiered fraud liability: $50, $500, unlimited), 1005.11 (EFT error resolution, 10-business-day provisional credit, 45-day investigation), 1005.9 (periodic statement requirements), 1005.18 (prepaid account rule). Issued and maintained by the CFPB.

https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-12/chapter-X/part-1005

Implements the Durbin Amendment (Dodd-Frank Section 1075). Key sections used: 235.3 (interchange fee cap: $0.21 + 0.05% for regulated issuers), 235.7 (network routing requirement, dual unaffiliated networks). Issued and maintained by the Federal Reserve.

https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-12/chapter-II/subchapter-A/part-235

Statutory basis for the $50 maximum credit-card fraud liability. Key section: 1643(a)(1) limits cardholder liability for unauthorised use to $50.

https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section1643&num=0&edition=prelim

Statutory basis for tiered debit-card fraud liability under EFTA. Section 1693g(a) establishes the $50/$500/unlimited tiers based on reporting timing.

https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section1693g&num=0&edition=prelim

CFPB's authoritative regulation page for Reg Z. Used for billing-error and fraud-liability section references throughout the site.

https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1026/

CFPB's authoritative regulation page for Reg E. Used for EFT-error resolution, tiered liability, and prepaid account rule references.

https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1005/

Plain-English consumer guidance on credit card billing rights, fraud reporting, and dispute processes.

https://www.consumerfinance.gov/consumer-tools/credit-cards/

FTC consumer guidance on fraud liability limits for credit and debit cards. Used for plain-English liability cap explanations throughout the site.

https://consumer.ftc.gov/articles/credit-atm-debit-cards-what-do-if-they-are-lost-or-stolen

FTC's rule requiring easy cancellation for subscription services. Referenced on /online-subscriptions/ for the click-to-cancel regulatory context.

https://www.ftc.gov/legal-library/browse/rules/negative-option-rule

FDIC consumer guidance on credit and debit card billing disputes, used for dispute-process context and cross-referencing with Reg E and Reg Z claims.

https://www.fdic.gov/consumer-resource-center

The gold-standard cross-walk for Reg E and Reg Z consumer protections, written for compliance professionals. The primary academic reference for the Reg E / Reg Z comparison on this site.

https://www.philadelphiafed.org/consumer-finance/consumer-compliance

Federal Reserve's Regulation II (Durbin Amendment debit interchange cap) primary page. Used for interchange fee data and Durbin implementation history.

https://www.federalreserve.gov/paymentsystems/regii-about.htm

Visa's published interchange rate schedule for US transactions. Used for all credit and debit interchange rate figures on /interchange/ and throughout the site. 2026 schedule includes April 2026 revisions to the Commercial Enhanced Data Program and Issuer Will Never Approve fee.

https://usa.visa.com/support/merchant/library/visa-merchant-business-news.html

Mastercard's published merchant rate schedule. Used for interchange figures. April 2026 schedule includes the new Fallback Avoidance fee (effective 1 April 2026).

https://www.mastercard.us/en-us/business/overview/merchant.html

Visa's policy governing pre-authorisation holds at Automated Fuel Dispensers. Basis for the $175 maximum hold figure cited on /gas-stations/ and /interchange/.

https://usa.visa.com/run-your-business/payment-security/fuel-pumps.html

Third-party interchange rate summary used to confirm April 2026 Visa and Mastercard changes. Used for /interchange/ 2026 freshness section.

https://www.windriverpayments.com/

Merchant-side primary source for chargeback mechanics, reason codes, and dispute timelines. Cited in /protection-comparison/ for chargeback context.

https://chargebacks911.com/

Cited on /hotels-rental-cars/ for rental car CDW (primary coverage) terms. Hold release timeline data.

https://creditcards.chase.com/

Used for Capital One zero-liability policy terms and Eno virtual card documentation.

https://www.capitalone.com/credit-cards/

Cited for Discover's zero-liability and fraud-protection terms.

https://www.discover.com/credit-cards/card-smarts/

Named-agency debit card policies cited on /hotels-rental-cars/. Verified April 2026 against each agency's published FAQ pages.

https://www.hertz.com/rentacar/misc/index.jsp?targetPage=PaymentFaqs.jsp